REVIEW PAPER
Raynaud’s phenomenon – etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management
More details
Hide details
Online publication date: 2013-03-05
Reumatologia 2013;51(1):42-45
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Raynaud’s phenomenon is a paroxysmal spasm of the arteries, usually within the fingers, which is a hypersensitivity reaction of vessels to physical factors (cold, vibration), mental (emotional) or without cause. There is primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (idiopathic, called Raynaud’s disease) and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon, which may precede the development of other diseases such as connective tissue diseases (Raynaud’s syndrome). Raynaud’s phenomenon should be differentiated from a natural reaction to cold occurring in acrocyanosis, painful erythema of the extremities (erythromelalgia), cyanosis and thromboembolic changes of the limbs. The prognosis in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon is good. In about 10% of patients, symptoms completely disappear, and complications such as ulcers of fingertips are very rare. In patients with Raynaud’s syndrome prognosis depends on the course of disease. These subjects often have vascular complications of vasculitis and ulceration of fingertips.
REFERENCES (11)
1.
Kowal-Bielecka O, Bielecki M. Choroba i zespół Raynauda. .
2.
eumatologia, Puszczewicz M (red.). Medical Tribune Polska, Warszawa 2010; 409-419.
3.
Boin F, Wigley FM. Understanding, assessing and treating Raynaud's phenomenon. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 752-760.
4.
Puszczewicz M. Objaw Raynauda. W: Reumatologia kliniczna, Zimmermann-Górska I (red.). Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, Warszawa 2008; 897-901.
5.
Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatology 2005; 44: 587-596.
6.
Le Roy EC, Medsger TA Jr. Raynaud’s phenomenon: A proposal for classification. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 485-488.
7.
Kita J, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Dakowicz A. Biostymulacja laserowa w terapii zaburzeń mikrokrążenia u pacjentów z objawem Raynauda. Postępy Nauk Medycznych 2012; 25: 95-102.
8.
Krishnaswamy G, Kelley J, Yerra L, et al. Human endothelium as a source of multifunctional cytokines: molecular regulation and possible role in human disease. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19: 91-104.
9.
Mayes MD. Endothelin and endothelin receptor antagonists in systemic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 1190-1199.
10.
Furspan PB, Chatterjee S, Freedmann RR. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling-induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaudʼs disease. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 1578-1585.
11.
Generini S, Seibold JR, Matucci-Cerinic M. Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005; 31: 177-186.
Copyright: © Narodowy Instytut Geriatrii, Reumatologii i Rehabilitacji w Warszawie. This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.